FIRST AID
calling for
911 or emergency help:
1. dial 911, give your name, address, exact
location of the incident, landmark
2. give the cause and nature of accident, condition
of casualty
3. give the name, sex, age of casualty, follow
instructions for first aid
how to
handle emergency situation?
1. assess the situation
2. survey the scene
3. ask for help, 911 or even those bystanders
4. act immediately, give first aid
body
mechanics
1. widen base of support
2. maintain center of gravity
3. bend on your knees and not in your back when
lifting
4. tighten your stomach muscle when lifting, dont
hold your breath
5. minimize reaching and bending
6. prevent further injury and backpain
stop CPR
1. patient recovered already
2. turn over to medical team
3. operator exhausted
4. physician takes over
5. scene become unsafe
CHOKING
- the obstruction on the airway caused by a foreign body
first aid:
1. caused by a piece of food or other object like
small toys and other items, open his mouth and make a finger sweep or hooked
finger deep inside to remove the obstruction
2. if none is found, slap the victim hard between
the shoulder blade 4x with the heal of the hand.
3. if the blockage remains do the heimlich maneuver
or abdominal thrust.
choking of
an infant?
1. place the infant on your lap while supporting
the chest and the head is lower than the other rest of his body
2. use the palm heel of your hand, give 5 gentle
back blows beetween the shoulder blades until object is out.
heimlich
maneuver to conscious adult?
1. position yourself behind the person
2. wrap your hands around his waist
3. make a fist placing the fist two fingers above
the navel of the person
4. grasp your fist with other hand
5. make an inward-upward pushes or hook motion
until object is out
heimlich
maneuver to unconscious adult?
1. place the person in lying position
2. straddle yourself between the victims leg around
the tight region
3. put your 1 hand with the palm heel into the
navel region at the middle of the abdominal.
4. grasp your fist with other hand
5. make a thrust downwards into the abdomen with a
quick rapid movement until object is out
heimlich
maneuver to pregnant woman or obese person?
1. stand behind the person
2. place your arm under the persons armpit and
encircle the chest
3. place a fist on the middle of the victims breast
bone with knuckles up
4. grasp your fist with other hand and press
backward with quick thrust
DYSPHAGIA is
difficulty in swallowing
feed patient
with dysphagia:
1. sitting in upright position reduce the risk of
food aspiration
2. make sure dentures are in place
3. make sure diet is served is appropriate to
patients ability
4. offer fluids and solid separately
what will
you do if client has dentures, mouth sores or dysphagia?
1. provide soft food that are easily eaten
2. cut food into small pieces
3. assist with the feeding if necessary
4. clean & brush dentures after feeding
DOING FOOT
CARE?
1. prepare necessary materials
2. soak foot for 3-5 minutes
3. wash with soap and rinse. pay attention between
the toe nails
4. rinse nails and pat dry. use foot powder if
necessary
HYPERVENTILATION
– state of breathing faster deeper than necessary
first aid:
1. talk to client calmly
2. ask him to breath and re-breath in a paper bag
10x then outside for 15seconds
3. repeat until the breathing has normalized
HYPERTENSION
– dangerous condition where blood pressure is higher than the normal
sy/sx:
1. numbness of the back of the neck
2. nausea & vomiting
3. severe headache
4. dizziness
avoid:
1. stop smoking
2. avoid caffeine and alcohol intake
3. avoid fatty and salty foods
4. increase high fiber diet and water intake
management:
1. exercise regularly
2. earn to manage stress
3. take a rest
4. teach client to take his own blood pressure
HYPERTHERMIA
is overheating of the body or high heat.
first aid:
conscious:
1. place the victim in a cool area
2. provide cold drink
un-conscious:
1. place in recovery position
2. ensure breathing and pulse
3. ask for medical help
HYPOTHERMIA
- low body temperature due to exposure to extreme cold
sy/sx:
1. skin cold to touch
2. weakness, muscle rigidity
3. cyanosis or bluish discoloration
4. unconsciousness
5. disorientation
management:
1. remove from cold environment
2. remove wet clothing
3. wrapped with blanket
4. instruct not to turn the affected part
5. rush to nearest hospital
HYPERGLYCEMIA
or High Blood Sugar - too much sugar and too little insulin in the blood
sy/sx:
1. drowsiness
2. thirsty
3. dehydration
4. fever
5. deep or fast breathing
management:
1. encourage client to eat moderately
HYPOGLYCEMIA
- low blood sugar and too much insulin in the body
sy/sx:
1. hunger, shakiness and nervousness
2. dizziness, headache, anxiety, weakness
3. convulsion, blurred vision
4. diffictulry to speak
management:
1. encourage to limit carbohydrate intake
2. avoid coffee, soda and alcohol
CONTROL
BLEEDING
first aid:
1. apply direct pressure
2. elevate the injured part above the heart to
prevent from blood flowing
3. put dressing and bandage
BURNS -
type of injury to skin caused by heat, electricity or chemicals
common
causes:
1. carelessness with match and cigarettes
2. hot liquid
3. defective heating, cooking and electrical
equipment
management:
1. remove the patient from source of heat
2. check for the vital signs
3. determine the variety of the burn
4. flush it with flowing water / wash gently with soap
then rinse
5. apply sterile non-stick dressing with loose
bandage
6. care for shock
7. rush to the nearest hospital
chemical
burn:
1. flush it with flowing water
2. remove the contaminated clothing while flushing
with water
3. wash a mild soap then rinse
4. apply sterile non-stick dressing with loose
bandage
5. rush to the nearest hospital
radiation
burns:
1. for 1st and 2nd degree burns with ni open
blister, flush with running water
2. apply moist dressing and bandage loosely
3. do not attempt to open the blister
4. for 3rd and 4th degree burns with open blister,
apply moist dressing and bandage loosely
5. do not flush water in open blister because it
increase the risk of shock
electrical
burns:
1. be careful on responding, check for the source
of electrical fault
2. if in doubt, call the power company
3. if outside, keep away the bystanders
4. if inside, turn off the main electrical switch
5. do primary survey, check abc of the person
6. call emergency help
7. do secondary survey, check for other burn site
8. apply moist dressing and bandage loosely
9. care for shock
FIRE
precautions:
1. store flammable liquid on a safe environment,
out of reach of children
2. label all containers and always cover the
containers
first aid:
1. secure client, bring in a safe place
2. if controllable, get the fire extinguisher
P - pull the pin
A - aim to the flame
S - squeeze the lever
S - swipe the nozzle
3. if not controllable, contact fire emergency
causes:
1. careless disposal of smoking material
2. improper use of candles
3. short or overloaded circuit
do in case
of fire/earthquake:
1. remove the person from the vicinity of fire
2. activate the alarm
3. extinguish the fire if safe to do so
child inside
the burning house:
1. presence of mind, do not panic
2. locate place to escape or fire exit if any.
check the door know before touching, if its hot do not open
3. get a blanket and wet it to cover the child and
yourself
4. assist and secure the safety of the client
before yourself
5. once outside, check for the abc
6. call for fire emergency
frying pan
on the stove burn:
1. dont panic, just put a lid or cover on it
2. never throw water in fire because it will spread
the fire
3. throw big box of baking soda
4. if it is uncontrollable, get a fire extinguisher
DISEASES
JERKING
- abrupt, sudden involuntary muscular movement
LEG CRAMPS
- painful sensations caused by muscle contraction or overshortening
first aid:
1. massage the muscle firmly
2. stretch the affected area
3. apply hot compress
4. get medical help
HEAT CRAMPS
- muscle spasms that result from loss of large amount of salt and water through
exercise
sy/xs:
1. severe thirst
2. fatigue
3. headache
4. nausea and vomiting
management:
1. remove from hot environment
2. cool the patient with moist level
3. loose tigh clothings
4. administer oral hydration
5. elevate legs 8-12 inches
RHEUMATISM
- conditions that cause aches and pains affecting the joints on your arms and
legs
factors
contribute rheumatism:
sy/sx:
1. tender, warm and swollen joints
2. morning stifness and pain
3. fatigue, low fever, loss of appetite
4. dry eyes and mouth
factors:
1. allergy
2. injury
3. infection
4. stress
5. heredity
first aid:
1. exercise and rest
2. give appropriate medication
3. weight reduction
4. go to physical therapist
ALLERGIC
REACTION - is the body's way of responding to an "invader." When
the body senses a foreign substance, called an antigen, the immune system is
triggered. The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents
such as bacteria and toxins.
sy/sx:
1. itchiness or mild skin redness
2. mild swelling
3. runny nose
4. sneezing
5. watery eyes
management:
1. contact a doctor if the person has an allergic
reaction that is severe
2. avoid substance that can make the allergic
reation worst
3. ask for medical help
SPRAINED
ANKLE - injury to one or more ligaments in the ankle
first aid:
1. place in sitting position
2. remove socks and shoes
3. elevate the leg
4. apply cold compress
5. dry and put proper bandage
TOOTHACHE
- aching pain in or around a tooth
first aid:
1. gargle water with salt
2. give prescribed medicine
3. avoid eating spicy foods
4. if symptoms persist, contact dentist
FROSTBITE
- damage is caused to skin and other tissues due to extreme cold
first aid:
1. remove from cold environment
2. warm the affected part by using your hands,
armpit or lap
3. remove wet clothings
4. soak the injury part in warm water with 40c
temperature
5. dry carefully and apply sterile dressing
6. elevate the affected area to ease swelling
7. rush to the nearest hospital
COLDS - viral
infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, caused primarily by viruses
sy/sx:
1. cough and runy nose
2. nasal congestion
3. sore throat
management:
1. complete rest
2. increase fluid intake
3. encourage vitamin c intake
4. give nasal congestant
FEVER -
state where the elevation of temperature is above the normal range
first aid:
1. check body temperature
2. apply a tsb
3. loose clothings
4. increase fluid intake
5. give prescribed medicine
6. provide regular diet
7. if symptoms persist, rush to the nearest
hospital
FLU or
INFLUENZA - is an infectious disease caused by virus that can make you sick
for a week or longer
sy/sx:
1. fever
2. chills and sweats
3. sore throat and coughing
4. muscle pain
5. severe headache
prevention:
1. get annual flu vaccine
2. wash your hand
3. eat right and sleep right
4. exercise regularly
management:
1. drink plenty of water, increased intake of
vitamin c
2. give prescribed medication
3. bed rest
VOMITING
- forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and
sometimes the nose.
first aid:
1. apply hot compress in the abdomen
2. maintain body temperature
3. seek medical help
ASTHMA -
chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
sy/sx:
1. difficulty in breathing
2. breathing rapidly
3. wheezing sound
4. chest tightness
5. dry cough
factors:
1. cold air or irritating odor
2. air pollutant (smoke, fumes, cigarettes)
3. inhalant antigens (pollen, dust)
management:
1. place in a comfortable position
2. increase oral intake
3. nebulize as needed
4. ask for medical help
5. monitor vital signs
NOSE
BLEEDING – are usually the result of nasal drying
first aid:
1. advice the victim to sit down and lean his head
forward
2. pinch his nose using your index finger and thumb
for 15minutes until bleeding stops
3. apply cold compress on the nose and face
4. instruct to breath on his mouth and avoid
coughing
5. if the bleed didnt stop, rush to the nearest
hospital
URINARY
TRACT INFECTION - bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary
tract
sy/sx:
1. abdominal pain
2. genital pain
3. back pain
4. nausea and vomiting
5. fever
6. presence of bllod in the urine
avoid:
1. avoid salty food, caffeine and alcohol
2. increase water intake
3. exercise regularly
SHOCK - life
threatening condition happens when blood flow to your brain stops.
types:
1. hypovolemic
2. cardiogenic
3. distributive
4. neurogenic
5. anaphylactic
causes:
1. hypovolemia - state of decreased blood volume
2. severe bleeding
3. infection
4. crushing or bullet injury
factors
contribute shock:
1. pain
2. rough handling
3. improper transportation
4. crushing injuries
5. exposure to extreme temperature
6. fatigue
sy/sx:
1. cold clammy skin / pale face / weak or rapid
pulse
2. thirsty / breathing irregular
3. nausea and vomiting / dilated pupils
4. low blood pressure / low temperature
5. unconsciousness
objective:
1. improve blood circulation
2. give adequate supply of oxygen
3. maintain body temperature
first aid /
management:
1. seek medical help
2. control bleeding
3. put in comfortable position
4. elevate feet 12 inches
5. loose tight clothing
6. proper transfer
7. maintain normal temperature
CONVULSION
- medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and
repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.
management:
1. protect the head
2. loose clothings
3. apply cold compress on extremities area (neck,
face, axilla, perineum)
4. increase water intake
5. complete bed rest
6. ask for medical help
SEIZURE
- abnormal electrical discharges in the brain causes someone to collapse,
convulse resulting to loss of consciousness.
management:
1. support the head with something soft
2. loose tight clothing
3. if seizure stop, check the condition of the
victim
4. place in recovery position
5. give cpr, call emergency help
6. never leave the casualty
EPILEPSY - a
brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures
first aid:
1. call for medical help
2. turn the patient to the side to promote drainage
of saliva
3. loose clothing around the neck
4. maintain an open airway
5. apply cold compress or tsb
6. do not put anything in the mouth or force to
open the teeth apart
7. remove object that may cause injury & protect
the person from injury
8. never leave the patient until medical help
arrives
FAINTING /
CLIENT FALL - loss of consciousness due to decrease blood flow to the
brain.
first aid:
1. try to catch the person
2. place the person in lying position & elevate
the feet 8-12inches or turn the persons head to the side so the tongue does not
fall back into the throat
3. loose tight clothings
4. maintain an open airway
5. apply moist towel in the face and neck
5. if he did not recover, call emergency help
CANCER -
its a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth.
it destroys adjacent tissues spreading to other locations in the body via
blood.
sy/sx:
1. change in bowel or bladder habits
2. sore does not heal
3. unusual bleeding
4. indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
5. unexplained weigh loss
management:
1. assist the client and family
2. understand the feeling and give special
considerations
3. show support and help the client
4. discuss possible changes in weight and hair loss
to decrease anxiety
5. give proper care
ASPERGER’S
SYNDROME - autism spectrum disorder that is characterized by significant
difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive
patterns of behavior and interests
sy/sx:
1. communication difficulties
2. social skills problem
3. repetitive behavior
DIABETES
MELLITUS - person has high sugar and absence of insulin
sy/sx:
1. thirsty, sweating
2. fatigue and weakness
3. increase in appetite
4. loss of weight
5. blurred vision
6. low blood sugar
food to eat:
1. high fiber, low sugar, low fat
2. encourage to exercise
management:
1. healthy diet
2. exercise regularly
3. increase fluid intake
4. maintain normal weight
5. learn to manage stress
TUBERCULOSIS
- is a contagious disease usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage
other parts of the body. Like the common cold, it spreads through the air.
sy/sx:
1. having cough for more than 3 weeks and colored
sputum
2. difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath
3. loss in weight
4. fever, sudden feeling of chill
5. tiredness and weakness
6. may result to chest pain, back and kidney, if
infections to the lungs reaches to its worst position
management:
1. seek consultation
2. maintain isolation precaution
3. educate the client and family about tuberculosis
4. encourage to have a good nutrition
PARKINSONS
DISEASE - chronic disease of the central nervous system, causing tremors to
the body characterized by shaking of the hands, shuffling of the feet when
walking and expression less face
sy/sx:
1. muscular rigidity
2. muscle weakness
3. resting tremor to the body
4. shuffling of the feet
management:
1. provide warm bath
2. encourage exercise / physical therapy
3. massage to help relax the muscles
4. encourage high fluid intake
5. increase calories and decrease protein in diet
ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE - most common form of dementia among older people. It is a brain
disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily
activities.
sy/sx:
1. screaming ang abnormal sexual behavior
2. hallucination
3. dramatic changes in mood or behavior
4. increased in tendency to misplace things
5. confusion and disorientation
6. loss of ability to communicate
first aid /
management:
1. always provide orientation to the patient
2. make sure the client is wearing tag which
indicates his name, address and contact numbers of the immediate family in case
of emergency
3. regular exercise and give emotional support
4, provide healthful diet
5. learn to manage stress
6. close supervision
HEART ATTACK
/ MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - interruption of blood supply to a part of the
heart causing heart cells to die
sy/sx:
1. chest pain
2. numbness of shoulder, neck and arms pain
3. sweating and shortness of breath
4. nausea and vomiting
5. high blood pressure
first aid /
management:
1. place in a comfortable half sitting position
2. check the abc, cpr if necessary
3. call emergency assistance
4. monitor abc until medical help arrives
5. give prescribed medicines for angina
CEREBRO
VASCULARACCIDENT (CVA) OR STROKE - rapidly developing loss of brain
functions due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain.
avoid:
1. maintain a healthy diet, high fiber diet
2. maintain normal cholesterol level
3. maintain normal body weight
4. control blood pressure
5. avoid smoking, caffeine and alcohol intake
6. exercise regularly, learn to manage stress
first aid:
1. call for medical help
2. maintain open airways to ensure breathing
3. keep the person warm
4. do not give anything by mouth
5. pay attention with the person until medical help
arrives
6. provide cpr if necessary, monitor abc
sy/sx:
1. numbness of face, arms and legs
2. sudden trouble in sighting, speaking and
understanding
3. sudden weakness, dizziness and balance
4. sudden severe headaches with no cause
management:
1. give a balanced diet
2. when feeding place the food in the un-affected
part of the mouth
3. assist the person to prevent fall
4. improving mobility to prevent deformities
HEAT STROKE-
state where body temperature is greater than 40.6C
sy/sx:
1. skin are warm to touch
2. hot and dry
3. rapid weak pulse
4. unconsciosness
5. weakness and dialted pupils
management:
1. remove from hot environment
2. open airways
3. remove loose clothings
4. cool patient by cold water
5. bring to nearest hospital
HEART BURN
- burning sensation in the lower chest, behind the breastbone. It may be
accompanied by nausea or a sour or bitter taste in the throat and mouth.
causes:
1. smoking, alcohol and coffee or tea
2. fatty or spicy foods
3. chocolates
4. certain medicines like aspirin and ibufrofen
5. overweight or pregnancy
first aid:
1. loose tight clothings
2. give medications prescribed by doctors
3. elevate the upper body when sleeping
4. if the pain last more than 2 minutes, consult a
doctor
management:
1. avoid stress
2. take small meals
3. do not smoke or minimize alcohol intake
4. eat slowly and chew your food well
5. maintain a healthy weight
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Reviewer for Live-in Caregiver Canada - SPEAK TEST 2
Click below links for more reviewers.
Reviewer for Live-in Caregiver Canada - SPEAK TEST 2